While reading through these parts lists, you may find it handy to
have a copy of the schematic
to refer to. (PDF, 4 KB)
Required Parts
These are the parts required to build just the amplifier
circuit. Enclosures, optional components, and enhancement components
are in the next section.
I’ve been happiest with the parts from Digi-Key and
Newark. Mouser sells cheap parts, in both senses of the word, so you
do have to be careful when buying from them. Radio Shack’s
part quality varies all over the map, but the worst thing is that
their overhead inflates their prices dramatically relative to the
distributors. If you do get some of your parts from Radio Shack, beware
that the part numbers I give below are the highest quality ones they
offer of each type; I recommend you don’t pick cheaper parts,
as the cheaper ones always perform worse.
For those not in the US, I’ve added RS Components, who will
ship almost anywhere in the world. All the parts numbers are simply a
result of me searching through their online catalog. Many times I was
able to find the same parts I recommend from the other distributors,
but occasionally I had to just guess at a replacement, hoping that
it is suitable.
Of the US distributors, Digi-Key is probably the best for
people outside the US to use. Other distributors those outside
the US might investigate are Farnell and
Conrad. Farnell is actually part of the
same company as Newark, but their part numbers aren’t unified,
and they don’t carry all the same parts.
You’ll probably end up getting the op-amps from Digi-Key or RS
Components. If you didn’t want to order from these distributors
but wanted to put together a complete amp with parts from just one
source, you’ll probably have to choose an op-amp other than the
ones I recommend below. I don’t recommend that a beginner use
anything but the OPA13x series op-amps, because they’re simply
the most forgiving op-amps that also sound good.
The best path will require ordering from multiple sources. Unless
you want to build an amp in a day including the time to get the
parts, there’s little reason to get Radio Shack parts; the
big mail-order houses have everything Radio Shack has and more,
for cheaper, with better quality. I highly suggest you mail order
everything you can, if you can stand waiting a week for the parts to
arrive. The one exception is the protoboard: most of the mail-order
houses only carry the expensive stuff designed to handle repeated
soldering and desoldering. Since you’ll be building the amp
once and probably then leaving it alone, you might as well use the
cheap protoboard from Radio Shack or RS Components.
Some components are marked “Alt.” These are alternatives
for the immediately preceding component.
For superior resistors that are easily distinguished from the
generics, see the Precision Resistors
section, below.
| Description |
Qty |
ID |
RadioShack |
Digi-Key |
Newark |
Mouser |
RS Components |
| 220 µF/35 V electrolytic capacitor, radial leads |
2 |
C1 |
272-1029 |
P5552 |
18C4706 |
647-UVR1V221MPA |
315-0726 |
| Alt. 220 µF/25 V electrolytic cap |
2 |
C1 |
– |
P5541 |
18C4672 |
75-517D25V220-E3 |
365-4133 |
| Alt. 220 µF/16 V electrolytic cap |
2 |
C1 |
– |
P5530 |
18C4617 |
– |
365-4060 |
| 0.1 µF polypropylene film cap (large!)* |
2 |
C2 |
– |
P3104 |
89F3466 |
75-715P200V0.1 |
240-5384 |
| Alt. 0.1 µF metallized polyester cap (smallish) |
2 |
C2 |
272-1069 |
E1104 |
– |
75-MKT1813410014 |
– |
| Alt. 0.1 µF metallized polyester cap (really small) |
2 |
C2 |
– |
3013PH |
46F3685 |
505-MKS2.1/63/10 |
179-9880 |
| 10 KΩ 1/4 W metal film resistor |
1 |
RLED |
– |
10.0KXBK |
84N1687 |
271-10K-RC |
148-736 |
| 4.7 KΩ 1/4 W metal film resistor |
2 |
R1 |
– |
4.75KXBK |
50N2120 |
271-4.7K-RC |
148-663 |
| 100 KΩ 1/4 W metal film resistor |
2 |
R2 |
– |
100KXBK |
84N1685 |
271-100K-RC |
148-972 |
| 1 KΩ 1/4 W metal film resistor, gain 11 |
2 |
R3 |
– |
1.00KXBK |
84N1712 |
271-1K-RC |
148-506 |
| Alt. gain resistor, 2.0 KΩ, gain 6 |
2 |
R3 |
– |
2.00KXBK |
84N1736 |
271-2K-RC |
148-578 |
| Alt. gain resistor, ~2.5 KΩ, gain 5 |
2 |
R3 |
– |
2.49KXBK |
92B9453 |
271-2.55K-RC |
148-590 |
| Alt. gain resistor, 3.3 KΩ, gain 4 |
2 |
R3 |
– |
3.32KXBK |
84N1757 |
271-3.3K-RC |
148-629 |
| Alt. gain resistor, ~4.7 KΩ, gain 3 |
2 |
R3 |
– |
4.75KXBK |
50N2120 |
271-4.7K-RC |
148-663 |
| Alt. gain resistor, 10 KΩ, gain 2 |
2 |
R3 |
– |
10.0KXBK |
84N1687 |
271-10K-RC |
148-736 |
| 10 KΩ 1/4 W metal film resistor |
2 |
R4 |
– |
10.0KXBK |
84N1687 |
271-10K-RC |
148-736 |
| Alt. 1/4 W metal film resistor assortment |
1 |
R1-R5 |
271-0309 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Dual op-amp OPA2132PA |
1 |
OPA |
– |
OPA2132PA |
– |
595-OPA2132PA |
218-8281 |
| Alt. dual op-amp OPA2132P |
1 |
OPA |
– |
OPA2132P |
35C1844 |
595-OPA2132PA |
– |
| Alt. dual op-amp: OPA2134PA |
1 |
OPA |
– |
OPA2134PA |
– |
595-OPA2134PA |
285-8069 |
| Power indicator LED, red diffused, 3mm |
1 |
D1 |
276-026 |
160-1708 |
90F5862 |
859-LTL-1CHE |
588-386 |
| Alt. power LED, amber/yellow |
1 |
D1 |
– |
160-1709 |
96F2333 |
859-LTL-1CHY |
588-392 |
| Alt. power LED, green |
1 |
D1 |
– |
160-1710 |
87F393 |
859-LTL-1CHG |
589-014 |
| Stereo mini jack (3.5mm) |
2 |
IN/OUT |
274-0246 |
CP1-3513 |
96F9608 |
502-35RAPC4BH3 |
476-328 |
| Alt. input jacks (RCA; black, white and red) |
2 |
IN |
274-0346 – – |
CP-1412 CP-1414 CP-1413 |
84N1165 – – |
161-2003 161-1004 161-2002 |
476-586 – 476-592 |
| Alt. output jack (1/4" stereo) |
1 |
OUT |
274-0312 |
SC1125 |
84N1155 |
16PJ509 |
449-348 |
| Protoboard (recommended type) |
1 |
BOARD |
276-0150 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
| Alt. protoboard (simple “stripboard”**) |
1 |
BOARD |
– |
– |
– |
– |
206-5841 |
* These caps are much bigger than the ones in the
photos on subsequent pages, and so aren’t great choices for amps
in mint tins and other compact enclosures. In exchange for the bulk,
you get better sound. The farther down the list of alternatives you
go, the worse the sound gets, with the last ones still being okay,
but recommended only when space is at a premium. The barrel-shaped
axial lead caps in the pictures are the Vishay MKT1813s on the
second row, from Mouser.
** If you must use stripboard (such as because
you can’t get the recommended perfboard style), you will need
to have some way to break the copper strips at strategic points. RS
Components sells a stripboard cutter (543-535) for this purpose.
Alternately, you could simply use an X-acto knife, which will not
produce breaks as definitive as the stripboard cutter, but should
suffice.
| Description |
Qty |
RadioShack |
Digi-Key |
Newark |
Mouser |
RS Components |
| DIP-8 IC sockets, gold contacts |
1 |
– |
575-113308 |
14F2712 |
575-113308 |
813-115 |
| Power switch (mini SPDT* toggle) |
1 |
275-0625 |
360-1788 |
61F1245 |
– |
330-840 |
| Alt. power switch (mini SPST toggle) |
1 |
– |
– |
13F3970 |
– |
– |
| Alt. power switch (micro** SPST toggle) |
1 |
275-0624 |
– |
– |
10TA805 |
– |
| 5.5/2.5mm DC power jack (standard) |
PWR |
274-1576 |
– |
– |
163-4024 |
– |
| Alt. DC power jack (closed circuit) |
PWR |
– |
– |
– |
163-4305-E |
– |
| Volume knob (plastic, single bar indicator) |
1 |
274-0403 |
8568K |
57F2374 |
450-2070-GRX |
259-6941 |
| Alt. volume knob (aluminum; black anodized
and silver) |
1 |
– 274-424 |
226-1041 226-2041 |
92N4099 92N4096 |
450-7031 45KN031 |
196-5829 196-5813 |
| Alt. volume knob (aluminum, black anodized
and silver) |
1 |
– |
226-1033 226-2033 |
92N4093 92N4095 |
450-7015 450-6015 |
498-845 498-918 |
| R5, 47 Ω 1/4 W metal film resistor |
2 |
– |
47.5XBK |
84N1767 |
271-47-RC |
148-174 |
| Alt. R5, 100 Ω 1/4 W metal film resistor |
2 |
– |
100XBK |
84N1686 |
271-100-RC |
148-269 |
| 9 V battery clip (not needed for Serpac H-65) |
1 |
270-0324*** |
2238K |
16N942 |
534-2240 |
– |
| Enclosure, Serpac H-65-9V (black and bone) |
1 |
– – |
SRH65-9VB SRH65-9VA |
– – |
635-H-659V-B 635-H-659V-A |
– |
| Volume control, Panasonic 10K, horizontal mount
(EVJ-C20) |
1 |
– |
P2U4103 |
– |
– |
– |
| Alt. volume control, Alps 10K (RK097)**** |
1 |
– |
– |
– |
– |
249-9159 |
* Although you only need an SPST for power, SPDTs
are more common, probably because it’s just as easy to make them
as SPSTs and you can use them like an SPST by just leaving the second
pole disconnected. Since they’re more widely useful than SPSTs,
some manufacturers only make SPDT toggles. (Or at least, distributors
don’t often carry the SPST variants if the manufacturer does
make them.)
** These “micro” switches are the
smallest type of toggles you can easily find. Micro toggles tend to
be rather delicate, especially the bushing area. I’ve broken
two of the Radio Shack micro toggles when tightening the mounting
nut. I haven’t broken one of the Mouser micro toggles yet, but
I don’t know if it’s because I’m wary now or that
they are better built. If you can afford the space, I recommend that
you use standard mini toggles instead. They’re much tougher,
and they often look better, too.
*** This part number is for Radio Shack’s
heavy-duty battery clips. Radio Shack also sells a cheaper set of
clips (RS 270-0323) which suck, badly. Avoid, avoid, avoid.
**** I sell a similar pot to this one in my parts shop. The main advantage of the ALPS RK097
that I sell over the Panasonic EVJ I recommend above is that the ALPS
has a built-in power switch: you turn the volume all the way down to
turn the amp off. This helps keep your panels neater, and saves a bit
of money. This is the pot in the pictures on subsequent pages, though
I don’t show it with the built-in switch being used, because
I don’t want people to think that using this pot is required.
Precision Resistors
All resistors spec’d above are generic 1% metal film
resistors. Generic resistors work fine, but many people swear by
premium resistors because of their higher inherent accuracy and higher
thermal stability. (The latter means that as the resistor heats up due
to the power it’s dissipating, it changes value less than generic
resistors. All resistors change value as they change temperture;
premium resistors simply change value to a lesser degree.)
The most popular brand for this is Vishay-Dale’s CMF
(a.k.a. RN) series. Specifically, the RN55x-F (1%) type. (For
full details on how to interpret these CMF values, see the
CMF data
sheet.) Vishay-Dale CMF resistors are more expensive than generics,
but in the quantities needed for this amp, the additional cost is
negligible.
The Vishay CMF line also has 0.1% resistors, but you do not
need that level of precision for this amp. If you do anything
to get more accuracy, it should be to use a good multimeter
to hand-match your resistors to higher
tolerances. That may provide some audible improvement to some
ears, but realize that this is relative matching. The point of
buying 0.1% resistors is that their absolute values are within
0.1% of nominal. There are very few places in audio where absolute
value accuracy is important.
If you can’t get Vishays but still want to try premium
resistors, RS Components offers the RC series from Welwyn. I’ve
never heard a report about whether these are an improvement
over generics, but the specs suggest they’re on par with
Vishay-Dale’s CMF series. They’re physically a bit bigger
since RS only offers the 1/4 W resistors, but the price is
similar to 1/8 W 1% Vishays.
Herewith, part numbers for Vishay-Dale RN55C/D resistors in all
the values given above:
The Radio Shack Metal Film Resistor Assortment
Radio Shack’s part number 271-0309 is a package containing
50 1/4 W assorted metal film resistors, including all values
necessary to complete this project. One package is sufficient for
two CMoy amps, with the exception of the 10 KΩ resistor: it only
has five of these, and you need three for each amp.
Since this assortment is the only way to get metal film resistors
at Radio Shack, you will have to get a bit creative to avoid buying
two packs of resistors if you want to make two amps. One way is to
also get a 5-pack of 10 KΩ carbon film resistors (RS 271-1335)
and use these for RLED. (The power LED’s current-limiter.) Metal
film resistors are nicer than carbon ones, but for the LED resistor,
their virtues don’t matter. Another way you can go is to use
a different value for this resistor than the CMoy schematic calls
for. See the section on tweaking
the LED resistor for details.
Circuit Board Alternatives
This tutorial is centered on the Radio Shack 276-0150 patterned
perfboard. The Radio Shack brand is US-only, but those in other parts
of the world do still have options here.
In Canada, there’s a store called The Source by Circuit City that is
basically the Canadian version of Radio Shack. Just search for part
number “2760150” on their web site. (They don’t
use the dash for some reason.) No problem there.
In the UK, Radio Shack used to operate under their Tandy
brand until several years ago. Since then, a new company
called T2 has emerged to sell much of what Tandy used to, including
the patterned perfboard we use in this tutorial. They will ship
to many other countries in the world.
In Australia, you can get this same board at Dick Smith Electronics.
It’s part number 21-113.
In Japan and probably other areas of Southeast Asia, you can
find part number ICB-86 by the Sunhayato company, which again is
all but identical to the Radio Shack board we use here. There is
an alternate version of the board, part number ICB-86G, which uses
a higher-quality epoxy-fiberglass board, rather than the cheaper
phenolic paper substrate.
If none of those options work for you,
the best alternative I can give you is the D-4
prototyping board, designed by DH Labs and sold by the people who
publish audioXpress Magazine. It’s a fiberglass board, not
phenolic paper as with the Radio Shack board, so it’s more
durable. It has 3-pad pairs down the edge, instead of 2-pad pairs
like the Radio Shack board, so you can replace the M-jumpers with
a simple jumper connecting the outer pads on the R4 and R5 rows.
The dimensions are different, too. It should fit the width of a
standard mint tin, but just barely.
Failing all that, you might look at part number 1172142 from Farnell. This is a much bigger
board than the Radio Shack board, so it’ll have to be cut down.
The pattern is even more different from the recommended one than the
DH Labs board, but close enough that adapting my layout to fit it
should be straightforward. It looks like you just need to substitute
a few bus strip cuts for the M jumpers I use on the RS board.
If you must use a much different type of protoboard, I recommend
against trying to use the same parts layout I came up with for
the Radio Shack board. Instead, create a new layout tuned to that
pattern. If your board has a very generic pattern, such as stripboard
or pad-per-hole board, I’d probably just go with a point-to-point
layout: all the connections are made direct from one part lead to
another on the bottom side of the board, instead of going through
copper foils on the board itself.
You can read more about different types of prototyping boards here.
Choosing an Op-Amp
The op-amp (operational amplifier) is the chip that does the actual
amplification in the CMoy circuit. It has the single biggest effect
on sound and power draw of any component, so it behooves you to pick
this part carefully. It’s also the part most likely to fail if
your implementation is imperfect; a tolerant op-amp will reduce the
chances of failure.
If you’re a raw newbie, I recommend that you try one
of the Burr-Brown OPA132/134 series op-amps first because they
have low voltage requirements, they don’t oscillate easily
(see below), the lowest grade is adequate for this project and is
quite reasonably priced, and they’re very popular so a lot of
your fellow DIYers are familiar with them and so can help you more
easily. I won’t say they’re easy to find; you’ll
probably have to mail-order one. Take my word: these are very good
chips for the price. Any replacement you try and source locally will
likely not perform as well.
“Oscillation” is a condition where the
chip develops periodic or constant noise due to problems in the
surrounding circuit. If you keep at this hobby, you will eventually
develop the necessary knowledge and experience to avoid oscillation
in your circuits. Until then, stick with tolerant op-amps.
The specific chip I recommend for beginners is the OPA2132PA. Under
ideal conditions, the cheaper OPA2134PA performs just as well, but your
first DIY headphone amp probably won’t be flawless. I’ve
had circuits where the OPA2134PA would distort or oscillate, but
popping in a 2132PA or 2132P would fix the problem. As a beginner,
you don’t need problems like this. You’ll have enough
difficulties just assembling and testing the thing without the op-amp
acting up as well! If you later want to build another amp, go ahead
and try the 2134PA. If you run into problems, you can pull the 2132
out of your first amp temporarily and try that in the new amp to see
if it fixes the problem.
As for the OPA2132P, it’s about twice the price of the 2132PA,
and I can’t hear a difference relative to the 2132PA. This
isn’t surprising, since the only specs that are different between
the two chips are the DC specs, and there is no DC in audio.
If you think you might want to try different op-amps in your
headphone amp, it’s all but mandatory that you use DIP sockets in
your design so you don’t have to desolder the chip to try a new
one. Sockets are useful even if you never change the chip since they
prevent damage to the sensitive op-amp chip during soldering. However,
you should only use high-quality machined sockets. If you can only
find cheap sockets, you’re better off just soldering the op-amp
to the board, because a cheap socket will result in weak connections,
which is a serious risk factor for bad sound.
I review many other op-amps in the companion article,
Notes on Audio Op-Amps.
Choosing an Enclosure
There are two main kinds of enclosures used for pocket amps:
plastic enclosures designed to house electronics, and various types
of boxes designed for other uses and converted to hold an amp. The
latter includes the popular mint tins, plus other found objects.
For general portable use, I like the Serpac H series cases. The H-65 (1.0 ×
2.75 × 4.95 in.) has plenty of space inside for a CMoy circuit,
and its rounded corners and slim body give it a sleek look. The overall
impression is of a pocket cigarillo case; it slips into a pocket very
nicely. The H-65-9V variant has a nice 9 V battery compartment:
it holds onto the battery snugly, and the contacts are fixed into
place instead of using a 9 V battery strap. There is a taller
version called the H-67. While the 9 V version of the H-67 only
holds one battery, the “AC” version has a battery door
without a battery compartment behind it; you can stuff two 9 V
batteries in there. You’ll have to add some padding and such
to keep the batteries from rattling around inside the case if you go
this route.
If you’re thinking of going with a much larger case but
still want to be able to run from batteries, I recommend adding
a Bulgin dual-9 V battery drawer to one of the larger cases
(Mouser part #122-BX0026).